Sanitary quality of sea water in the Gulf of Morrosquillo and of ballast water from vessels engaged in international shipping
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.26640/22159045.218Keywords:
Ballast water, contamination, sanity qualityAbstract
The Center for Oceanographic Research and Management (CIOH – from its original Spanish language initials - Centro de Investigaciones Oceanográficas e Hidrográficas) for the protection of the marine environment conducted an assessment of water sanitary quality of the Gulf of Morrosquillo, as well as ballast water of ships in international traffic that arrived in the Gulf during 2009, in order to establish the seasonal behavior of groups of total coliforms, Escherichia coli and Enterococcus in March, July, September and November. The samples were collected at 10 stations distributed along the Gulf from three depths (surface, middle and bottom) and the possible transfer of this group microorganism that are trans-ported through ballast water. Likewise, the association between water characteristics and the presence of the groups mentioned in the ballast tanks was evaluated 15 ballast tanks, corresponding to a total of 7 vessels. It was evident that the ballast water of some vessels constitutes additional source of fecal pollution to the Gulf. It was determined that, of the 15 tanks of ships in international traffic monitored in the Gulf of Morrosquillo, a 20% exceeds the 100 UFC/100mL limit for Enterococcus, with a minimum concentration of 120 UFC/100mL and maximum of 1540 UFC/100mL. It was also found that a 20% exceeds the limit established for E. coli, with concentrations ranging from 600 to 800 UFC/100mL (limit: 250 UFC/100mL). As for Vibrio cholerae, all tanks tested met the provisions established by IMO, as no presence thereof was found in the water tested. It was identified that in the Gulf there are additional sources of pollution affecting the health quality of the Gulf, and which are associated to the type of water discharged into the Gulf by domestic wastewater discharge (from Tolú and Port Society) and the continental contribution through the stream flow (Alegría and Cascajo).Downloads
References
[1] Organización Internacional Marítima (2004). Conferencia Internacional sobre la gestión del agua de lastre para buques. En: Convenio internacional para el control y la gestión del agua de lastre y los sedimentos de los buques. BWM/CONF/36 16 febrero 2004.
[2] Joachimsthal, E.L. Ivanov V., Tay, J.-H. y Tay S.T. L (2004). Bacteriological examination of ballast water in Singapore Harbour by flow cytometry with FISH. En. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 49: 334–343.
[3] CIOH, Cañón M., Tous G., Olivares M., Llamas J., López K., Palmera K, López O R., Orozco, F y Suarez V, (2006). Presencia de organismos exógenos y patógenos en aguas de lastre de buques de tráfico internacional. En: Informe Final. Fase IV/V. Pág. 98.
[4] CIOH, Cañón M., Tous G., Quintana-Saavedra D.M y Llamas J., (2007) Presencia de organismos exógenos y patógenos en aguas de lastre de buques de tráfico internacional. En: Informe Final. Fase V/V. Pág. 98.
[5] CIOH, Cañón, M., Tous, G., Quintana, D., López y Llamas, H, (2009). Informe final del proyecto” levantamiento de línea base portuaria y caracterización del agua de lastre de buques de tráfico internacional en el puerto de Coveñas, Costa colombiana. En: Informe Final Pág. 79.
[6] Quintana-Saavedra, D., Cañón, M y Castro I. (2008). Evaluación de la calidad microbiológica del agua de lastre de buques de tráfico internacional en bahía Portete y Puerto Bolívar, Guajira. En: Boletín Científico - CIOH. No. 26. Pp143.
[7] WHO, (1999). Management of childhood illness in developing countries: Rational for an integrated strategy. IMCI information WHO/CHS/CAH/98.1A, Rev 1.
[8] Noble R.T., Mooreb D.F, Leecasterc M.K., McGeed, C.D y Weisberge S.B (2003). Comparison of total coliform, fecal coliform, and enterococcus bacterial indicator response for ocean recreational water quality testing. En: Informe Final. Water Research 37:1637–1643 .
[9] Cañón Páez M, Quintana-Saavedra D. López, R, Tous, G y Llamas H. 2009. Caracterización fisicoquímica del Golfo de Morrosquillo y tanques de lastre de buques de tráfico internacional. En: Sometido Boletín Científico- CIOH.
[10] American Public Health Association (2005). Standard Methods for Examination of water and wastewater. 21th edition.
[11] Parsons, T.R., Maita C.M. y Lalli CM, (1989). Manual of Chemical and Biological Methods for Seawater Analysis. Primera Edición 1984, reimpreso 1985, 1989. Gran Bretaña. Pp 22 – 25.
[12] Burkholder J. Hallegraeff G, Melia G., Cohen, A., Bowers H., Oldach, D., Parrowh M., Sullivan., M , Zimba P., Allen E., Kinder, C y Mallin M (2007). Phytoplankton and bacterial assemblages in ballast water of U.S. military ships as a function of port of origin,voyage time, and ocean exchange practices. En: Harmful Algae 6: 486–518.
[13] Aguirre-Macedo, M, Vidal-Martínez, V., Herrera-Silveira, J., Valdés-Lozano, D., Herrera-Rodríguez, M y Olvera-Novoa, M (2008). Ballast water as a vector of coral pathogens in the Gulf of Mexico: The case of the Cayo Arcas coral reef. En: Marine Pollution Bulletin. 56:1570-1577.
[14] Drake, L.A., Ruiz, G.M, Galil, B.S., Mullady, T.L y Friedman, D.O., (2002). Microbial ecology of ballast water during transoceanic voyage and the effects of Open Ocean ex-change. En: Marine Ecology Progress Series. 233, 13-20.
[15] Ruiz Ochoa M, Bernal G y Polanía J, (2008). Influencia del río Sinú y el Mar Caribe en el Sistema Lagunar de Cispatá. En: Boletin . invemar 1:29-49.
[16] McGee S., Piorkowski R. y Ruiz G (2006). Analysis of recent vessel arrivals and ballast water discharge in Alaska: Toward assessing ship-mediated invasion risk. Marine Polution Bulletin 52:1634–1645.
[17] Weil, E., (2004). Coral reef diseases in the wider Caribbean: En: Rosemberg, E., Loya, Y (Eds), Coral Health and diseases. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp 35-68.
[18] Barreto M, Barrera. R, Benavides J; Cardozo, E, Hernández H, Marín, L.; Posada. B, Salvatierra, C, Sierra, P y Villa A (1999). Diagnóstico ambiental del Golfo de Morrosquillo (Punta Rada-Tolú). Una aplicación de sensores remotos y SIG como contribución al manejo integrado de zonas costeras. Curso AGS-6.
[19] RedCAM (2008). INVEMAR. Informe del Estado de los Ambientes Marinos y Costeros en Colombia; 359p.
[20] Garrido-Pérez. M.C, Anfuso, E, A, Acevedo y Perales-Vargas-Machuca , J.A. (2008). Microbial Indicators of fecal contamination in waters and sediments of beach bathing zones. En: International Journal of Hygiene and environmental health. 211: 510-517.
[21] Davies C., Long J., Donald, M., y Ashbolt N. (1995). Survival of Fecal microorganisms in Marine and Freshwater Sediments. En: Applied And Environmental Microbiology, 61 (5): 1888–1896.
[22] Suárez, B 2004. The Sinu river delta on the northwestern Caribbean coast of Colombia: Bay infilling associated with delta development, En: Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 16 (7): 623-631.
[23] Marino R. P y Gannon J (1991). Survival of fecal coliforms and fecal streptococci in storm drain sediment. Water Re-search. 25 (9): 1089-1098.
[24] OMS, 2003. Validación de lineamientos para formular políticas sobre gestión del agua residual doméstica en América Latina.
[25] IDEAM, 2009. En: http://institucional.ideam.gov.co/jsp/index.jsf.
[26] Bernal, G., Poveda, G., Roldán, P y Andrade C (2006). Patrones de variabilidad de las temperaturas superficiales del mar en la costa Caribe colombiana. En: Revista. Academia. Colombiana de la Ciencia., 30 (115): 195-208.
[27] Gerba C.P. y McLeod, J.S (1976). Effect of sediments on the survival of Escherichia coli in marine waters, Applied Environmental Microbiology. 32:. 114–120.
[28] LaBelle RL, Gerba CP, Goyal SM, Melnick JL, Cech I y Bo-gdan GF (1980). Relationships between environmental factors, bacterial indicators, and the occurrence of enteric viruses in estuarine sediments. En: Applied Environmen-tal Microbiology. Mar; 39(3):588-96.
[29] Darakas E., Koumoulidou, T y Lazaridou D (2009). “Fecal indicator bacteria decline via a dilution of wastewater in seawater”. En: Desalination. 248:1008-1015.
[30] Kimiran-Erdem A, Ozlem Arslan E, Ozlem Sanli N, Zuhal Zeybek Y, Dogruoz N y Cotuk A (2007). Isolation and Identification of Enterococci from seawater Samples: Assessment of Their Resistance to Antibiotics and Heavy Metals. En: Environmental Monitoring Assessement 125:219–228.
[2] Joachimsthal, E.L. Ivanov V., Tay, J.-H. y Tay S.T. L (2004). Bacteriological examination of ballast water in Singapore Harbour by flow cytometry with FISH. En. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 49: 334–343.
[3] CIOH, Cañón M., Tous G., Olivares M., Llamas J., López K., Palmera K, López O R., Orozco, F y Suarez V, (2006). Presencia de organismos exógenos y patógenos en aguas de lastre de buques de tráfico internacional. En: Informe Final. Fase IV/V. Pág. 98.
[4] CIOH, Cañón M., Tous G., Quintana-Saavedra D.M y Llamas J., (2007) Presencia de organismos exógenos y patógenos en aguas de lastre de buques de tráfico internacional. En: Informe Final. Fase V/V. Pág. 98.
[5] CIOH, Cañón, M., Tous, G., Quintana, D., López y Llamas, H, (2009). Informe final del proyecto” levantamiento de línea base portuaria y caracterización del agua de lastre de buques de tráfico internacional en el puerto de Coveñas, Costa colombiana. En: Informe Final Pág. 79.
[6] Quintana-Saavedra, D., Cañón, M y Castro I. (2008). Evaluación de la calidad microbiológica del agua de lastre de buques de tráfico internacional en bahía Portete y Puerto Bolívar, Guajira. En: Boletín Científico - CIOH. No. 26. Pp143.
[7] WHO, (1999). Management of childhood illness in developing countries: Rational for an integrated strategy. IMCI information WHO/CHS/CAH/98.1A, Rev 1.
[8] Noble R.T., Mooreb D.F, Leecasterc M.K., McGeed, C.D y Weisberge S.B (2003). Comparison of total coliform, fecal coliform, and enterococcus bacterial indicator response for ocean recreational water quality testing. En: Informe Final. Water Research 37:1637–1643 .
[9] Cañón Páez M, Quintana-Saavedra D. López, R, Tous, G y Llamas H. 2009. Caracterización fisicoquímica del Golfo de Morrosquillo y tanques de lastre de buques de tráfico internacional. En: Sometido Boletín Científico- CIOH.
[10] American Public Health Association (2005). Standard Methods for Examination of water and wastewater. 21th edition.
[11] Parsons, T.R., Maita C.M. y Lalli CM, (1989). Manual of Chemical and Biological Methods for Seawater Analysis. Primera Edición 1984, reimpreso 1985, 1989. Gran Bretaña. Pp 22 – 25.
[12] Burkholder J. Hallegraeff G, Melia G., Cohen, A., Bowers H., Oldach, D., Parrowh M., Sullivan., M , Zimba P., Allen E., Kinder, C y Mallin M (2007). Phytoplankton and bacterial assemblages in ballast water of U.S. military ships as a function of port of origin,voyage time, and ocean exchange practices. En: Harmful Algae 6: 486–518.
[13] Aguirre-Macedo, M, Vidal-Martínez, V., Herrera-Silveira, J., Valdés-Lozano, D., Herrera-Rodríguez, M y Olvera-Novoa, M (2008). Ballast water as a vector of coral pathogens in the Gulf of Mexico: The case of the Cayo Arcas coral reef. En: Marine Pollution Bulletin. 56:1570-1577.
[14] Drake, L.A., Ruiz, G.M, Galil, B.S., Mullady, T.L y Friedman, D.O., (2002). Microbial ecology of ballast water during transoceanic voyage and the effects of Open Ocean ex-change. En: Marine Ecology Progress Series. 233, 13-20.
[15] Ruiz Ochoa M, Bernal G y Polanía J, (2008). Influencia del río Sinú y el Mar Caribe en el Sistema Lagunar de Cispatá. En: Boletin . invemar 1:29-49.
[16] McGee S., Piorkowski R. y Ruiz G (2006). Analysis of recent vessel arrivals and ballast water discharge in Alaska: Toward assessing ship-mediated invasion risk. Marine Polution Bulletin 52:1634–1645.
[17] Weil, E., (2004). Coral reef diseases in the wider Caribbean: En: Rosemberg, E., Loya, Y (Eds), Coral Health and diseases. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp 35-68.
[18] Barreto M, Barrera. R, Benavides J; Cardozo, E, Hernández H, Marín, L.; Posada. B, Salvatierra, C, Sierra, P y Villa A (1999). Diagnóstico ambiental del Golfo de Morrosquillo (Punta Rada-Tolú). Una aplicación de sensores remotos y SIG como contribución al manejo integrado de zonas costeras. Curso AGS-6.
[19] RedCAM (2008). INVEMAR. Informe del Estado de los Ambientes Marinos y Costeros en Colombia; 359p.
[20] Garrido-Pérez. M.C, Anfuso, E, A, Acevedo y Perales-Vargas-Machuca , J.A. (2008). Microbial Indicators of fecal contamination in waters and sediments of beach bathing zones. En: International Journal of Hygiene and environmental health. 211: 510-517.
[21] Davies C., Long J., Donald, M., y Ashbolt N. (1995). Survival of Fecal microorganisms in Marine and Freshwater Sediments. En: Applied And Environmental Microbiology, 61 (5): 1888–1896.
[22] Suárez, B 2004. The Sinu river delta on the northwestern Caribbean coast of Colombia: Bay infilling associated with delta development, En: Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 16 (7): 623-631.
[23] Marino R. P y Gannon J (1991). Survival of fecal coliforms and fecal streptococci in storm drain sediment. Water Re-search. 25 (9): 1089-1098.
[24] OMS, 2003. Validación de lineamientos para formular políticas sobre gestión del agua residual doméstica en América Latina.
[25] IDEAM, 2009. En: http://institucional.ideam.gov.co/jsp/index.jsf.
[26] Bernal, G., Poveda, G., Roldán, P y Andrade C (2006). Patrones de variabilidad de las temperaturas superficiales del mar en la costa Caribe colombiana. En: Revista. Academia. Colombiana de la Ciencia., 30 (115): 195-208.
[27] Gerba C.P. y McLeod, J.S (1976). Effect of sediments on the survival of Escherichia coli in marine waters, Applied Environmental Microbiology. 32:. 114–120.
[28] LaBelle RL, Gerba CP, Goyal SM, Melnick JL, Cech I y Bo-gdan GF (1980). Relationships between environmental factors, bacterial indicators, and the occurrence of enteric viruses in estuarine sediments. En: Applied Environmen-tal Microbiology. Mar; 39(3):588-96.
[29] Darakas E., Koumoulidou, T y Lazaridou D (2009). “Fecal indicator bacteria decline via a dilution of wastewater in seawater”. En: Desalination. 248:1008-1015.
[30] Kimiran-Erdem A, Ozlem Arslan E, Ozlem Sanli N, Zuhal Zeybek Y, Dogruoz N y Cotuk A (2007). Isolation and Identification of Enterococci from seawater Samples: Assessment of Their Resistance to Antibiotics and Heavy Metals. En: Environmental Monitoring Assessement 125:219–228.
Downloads
Published
2010-12-05
Issue
Section
RESEARCH ARTICLE
License
Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
NonCommercial — You may not use the material for commercial purposes.
NoDerivatives — If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you may not distribute the modified material.
No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
How to Cite
Sanitary quality of sea water in the Gulf of Morrosquillo and of ballast water from vessels engaged in international shipping. (2010). CIOH Scientific Bulletin, 28, 127-153. https://doi.org/10.26640/22159045.218
