STRUCTURE AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE PHYTOPLANKTONIC COMMUNITY ALONG THE GERLACHE STRAIT DURING THE AUSTRAL SUMMER 2018-2019
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.26640/22159045.2020.501Keywords:
microfitoplancton, estructura, Antártica, estrecho de GerlacheAbstract
This study describes the structure of the phytoplankton community and its distribution in the Gerlache Strait (EG) during the 2018-2019 austral summer. 200 m vertical trawls were made to the surface through a Bongo network equipped with a flowmeter. The samples were fixed in basic Lugol in a 100: 1 ratio. Additional samples for nutrient and chlorophyll-a analysis were collected through an oceanographic rosette. Through an analysis of standardized orthogonal empirical functions, the Gerlache Strait was regionalized in four regions, using the richness and chemical data. From the identified regions two were located in the north, one in the center and one in the south. In terms of richness, 40 taxa represented by 28 diatoms, 11 dinoflagellates and one silicoflagellate were identified. The greatest richness and abundance was found in the central region, with diatoms being the dominant group in all stations. The species Corethron criophilum and Porosira glacialis represented the greatest contribution to the community. Dinoflagellates formed the second most distinctive group in the study area, represented by Protoperidinium pyrum and Prorocentrum minimun. On the other hand, silicoflagellates with the Dictyocha sp., was the group with the lowest contributions in the area, however its greatest abundance was observed in the northern region. Differences in the structure of the community were observed, with dominance of the diatoms over the other groups identified; these changes may be due to the analytical techniques used and the interannual variability.Downloads
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References
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Zhou, M., Niiler, P., y Hu, J. (2002). Surface currents in the Bransfield and Gerlache straits, Antarctica. Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, 49(2), 267-280. Doi: 10.1016/S0967-0637(01)00062-0.APHA-AWWA-WEF. (2012). Standard Methods for the Examination of water and Waste Water, 22th Edition, Washington DC.
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Arrigo, K., Worthen, D., Lizotte, M., Dixon, P., y Dieckmann, G. (1997). Primary production in Antarctic sea ice. Science, 276(5311), 394-937.
Bendschneider, K. y Robinson, R. (1952). A new spectrometric method for the determination of nitrite in the seawater. Journal of Marine Research, (11), 87–96.
Bicudo, C. y Bicudo, R. (1970). Algas de águas continentais brasileiras. Sao Paulo, Brasil: FUNBEC.
Burkholder, P., y Sieburth, J. (1961). Phytoplankton and ciilorophyll in the Gerlache and Bransfield Straits of Antarctica 1. Limnology and Oceanography, 6(1), 45-52.
Colín-García, M., Heredia, A., Dos Santos-Rodriguez, C., Figueira, E., Almeida, S., Basiuk, V., Rodriguez-Galván, A. y Vrieling, E. (2013). Sílice de las algas diatomeas (clase Bacillariophyceae) como material complejo y su importancia nanotecnológica. La Granja, 17(1), 5-15.
Comiso, J., McClain, C., Sullivan, C., Ryan, J. y Leonard, C. 1993. Coastal Zone Color Scanner pigment concentrations in the Southern Ocean and relationships to geophysical surface features. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 98(C2), 2419-2451.
De La Lanza, E. (2004). Manual para la colecta, El manejo y las observaciones de campo para bioindicadores de la calidad del agua. México D.F, Mexico: Comisión Nacional del Agua.
Edler, L. & Elbrächter, M. The Utermöhl method for quantitative phytoplankton analysis. En: Karlson, B., Cusack, C. and Bresnan, E. (eds). (2010). Microscopic and molecular methods for quantitative phytoplankton analysis. Paris, France: UNESCO.
Ferreira, M. y Kerr, R. (2017). Source water distribution and quantification of North Atlantic deep water and Antarctic bottom water in the Atlantic Ocean. Progress in Oceanography, 153, 66-83.
Ferreyra, E., Sar, E. & Ferrario, M. (1993). Respuesta de Corethron criophilum (Bacillariophyceae) a diferentes condiciones de iluminación. Darwiniana, 32(1-4), 293-298.
García, M., Castro, C., Ríos, A., Doval, M., Rosón, E., Gomis, D y López, O. (2002). Water masses and distribution of physico-chemical properties in the Western Bransfield Strait and Gerlache Strait during Austral summer 1995/96. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 49(4-5), 585-602.
Guiry, M., & Guiry, E. (2019). Algaebase. (National University of Ireland) Retrieved. Recuperado de http://www.Algaebase.org.
Holm-Hansen, O. y Mitchell, B. (1991). Spatial and temporal distribution of phytoplankton and primary production in the western Bransfield Strait region. Deep Sea Research Part A. Oceanographic Research Papers, 38(8–9), 961-980.
Huntley, M., Karl, D., Niiler P. y Holm-Hansen, O. (1991). Research on Antarctic Coastal Ecosystem Rates (RACER): an interdisciplinary field Experiment. Deep Sea Research Part A. Oceanographic Research Papers, 38(8-9), 911-941.
Kim, H., Ducklow, H., Abele, D., Ruiz, E., Buma, A., Meredith, M., Rozema, P., Schofield, O., Venables, H. and Schloss, I. (2018). Inter-decadal variability of phytoplankton biomass along the coastal West Antarctic Peninsula. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 376(2122), 20170174.
Kozlowski, W., Deutschman, D., Garibotti, I., Trees, C. y Vernet, M. (2011). An evaluation of the application of CHEMTAX to Antarctic coastal pigment data. Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, 58(4), 350-364.
Lee, Y., Yang, E., Park, J., Jung, J., Kim, T. y Lee, S. (2016). Physical-biological coupling in the Amundsen Sea, Antarctica: Influence of physical factors on phytoplankton community structure and biomass. Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, 117, 51–60.
Margalef, R. (1983). Limnología Vol. 1009. Barcelona: Omega.
Mendes, C., de Souza, M., Tavano, V., Costa, M., Brotas, B. y Eiras, C. (2012). Dynamics of phytoplankton communities during late summer around the tipof the Antarctic Peninsula. Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, 65, 1-14
Mendes, C., Tavano, V., Dotto, T., Kerr, R., De Souza, M., García, C., & Secchi, E. (2018). New insights on the dominance of cryptophytes in Antarctic coastal waters: A case study in Gerlache Strait. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 19, 1614-170.
Mills, M., Kropuenske, L., van Dijken, G., Alderkamp, A., Berg, G., Robinson, D., Welschmeyer, N. y Arrigo, K. (2010). Photophysiology in two Southern Ocean taxa: photosynthesis of Phaeocystis antarctica (Prymnesiophyceae) and Fragilariopsis cylindrus (Bacillariophyceae) under simulated mixed-layer irradiance. Journal of Phycology, 46(6), 1114–1127.
Nelson, D., Smith, W., Gordon, L. y Huber, B. (1987). Spring distributions of density, nutrients, and phytoplankton biomass in the ice edge zone of the Weddell‐Scotia Sea. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 92(C7), 7181-7190.
Olguín, H. & Alder, V. (2011). Species composition and biogeography of diatoms in Antarctic and sub Antarctic (Argentine shelf) waters (37–76°S). Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 58(1–2), 139-152. .
Pérez, J. y Mancilla, C. (2012). El papel del silicio en los organismos y ecosistemas. Conciencia tecnológica, 43, 42-46. Recuperado en
Rabenhorst, L. (1889). Kryptogamen-flora von Deutschland, Oesterreich und der Schweiz. Vol. 3. Germany: E. Kummer.
Rines, J y Therlot, T. (2003). Systematics of Chaetocerotaceae (Bacillariophyceae). I. A phylogenetic analysis of the family. Phycological Research, 51, 83–98.
Rodríguez, J., Jiménez-Gómez, F., Blanco, J., y Figueroa, F. (2002). Physical gradients and spatial variability of the size structure and composition of phytoplankton in the Gerlache Strait (Antarctica). Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography 49(4–5), 693-706.
Sánchez, S., & Villanueva, P. (2001). Composición del Fitoplancton en el Estrecho de Bransfield e Isla Elefante durante el verano austral de 1999. Revista Peruana de Biología, 8(1), 23-37. Doi: 10.15381/rpb.v8i1.6480.
Sánchez, S., Villanueva, P., y Delgado, E. (2016). Distribución Espacial del fitoplancton en el Estrecho de Bransfield durante el verano austral 2013. Boletín IMARPE, 31(2): 169-182.
Santamaría-del-Ángel, E., González-Silvera, A., Millán-Núñez, R., Callejas-Jiménez, M. y Cajal-Medrano, R. (2011). Determining Dynamic Biogeographic Regions using Remote Sensing Data. In J. Morales, V. Stuart, T. Platt, y S. Sathyendranath (Eds.), Handbook of Satellite Remote Sensing Image Interpretation: Applications for Marine Living Resources Conservation and Management (pp. 273–293). EU PRESPO Y IOCCG
Schloss, Irene R. (1997). Escalas temporo-espaciales de variabilidad del fitoplancton costero Antártico. (Tesis doctoral). Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos aires, Argentina.
Schofield, O., Saba, E., Coleman, K., Carvalho, F., Couto, N., Ducklow, H. y Montes-Hugo, M. (2017). Decadal variability in coastal phytoplankton community composition in a changing West Antarctic Peninsula. Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, 124, 42-54.
Shields, A. & Smith, W. (2009). Size-fractionated photosynthesis/irradiance relationships during Phaeocystis antarctica-dominated blooms in the Ross Sea, Antarctica. Journal of plankton research, 31(7), 701-712.
Smith, J., Barrett, J., Tusnády, G., Rejtö, L., y Cary, S. (2010). Resolving environmental drivers of microbial community structure in Antarctic soils. Antarctic Science, 22(6), 673-680.
Smith, R., Dierssen, H. y Vemet, M. (1996). Phytoplankton biomasa and productivity in the western Antarctic Peninsula region. En: Schloss, Irene R. Escalas temporo-espaciales de variabilidad del fitoplancton costero Antártico. (Tesis doctoral). Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos aires, Argentina.
Strickland, J. D. H., y T. R. Parsons. (1972). A practical handbook of seawater analysis. Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario.
Tapia, M. y Torres, G. (1998). Distribución del fitoplancton en el Estrecho Bransfield, Bahía Chile y Paso Drake, durante el verano austral 1998 (Antártida). Acta Antarctica Ecuatoriana, 4(1), 101-114.
Taylor, F. (1976). Dinoflagellates from the international Indian Ocean Expedition.
Tenenbaum, D., Villac, M., Viana, S., Matos, M., Hatherly, M., Lima, I. y Menezes, M. (2004). Phytoplankton Atlas of Sepetiba Bay, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Global Ballast Water Management Programme.
Unrein, F. (2000). Estructura y dinámica del fitoplancton estival de un lago antártico (Península Potter, Shetland del Sur). Ecología Austral, 10(169), 169-179. Recuperado en
Várela, M., Fernández, E. y Serret, P. (2002). Size-fractionated phytoplankton biomass and primary production in the Gerlache and south Bransfield Straits (Antarctic Peninsula) in Austral summer 1995–1996. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical studies in Oceanography, 49(4-5), 749-768. Doi: 10.1016/S0967-0645(01)00122-9
Vaughan, D., Marshall, E., Connolley, W., Parkinson, C., Mulvaney, R., Hodeson, D., Kine, J., Pudsey, C. y Turner, J. (2003). Recent rapid regional climate warming on the Antarctic Peninsula. Climatic Change, 60(3),.
Vidal, L. (2010). Manual del fitoplancton hallado en la Ciénaga Grande de Santa Marta y cuerpos de agua aledaños. Universidad Jorge Tadeo Lozano, Santa Marta, Colombia.
Xu, K., Fu, F., y Hutchins, D. (2014). Comparative responses of two dominant Antarctic phytoplankton taxa to interactions between ocean acidification, warming, irradiance, and iron availability. Limnology and Oceanography, 59(6), 1919-1931.
Zhou, M., Niiler, P., y Hu, J. (2002). Surface currents in the Bransfield and Gerlache straits, Antarctica. Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, 49(2), 267-280.
Arrigo, K., DiTullio, G., Dunbar, R., Robinson, D., VanWoert, M., Worthen, D., Lizotte, M. (2000). Phytoplankton taxonomic variability in nutrient utilization and primary production in the Ross Sea. Journal of Geophysical Research, 105(C4), 8827–8846. doi: 10.1029/1998JC000289
Arrigo, K., Worthen, D., Lizotte, M., Dixon, P., y Dieckmann, G. (1997). Primary production in Antarctic sea ice. Science, 276(5311), 394-937. Doi: 10.1126/science.276.5311.394.
Bendschneider, K. y Robinson, R. (1952). A new spectrometric method for the determination of nitrite in the seawater. Journal of Marine Research, (11), 87–96. Recuperado de https://digital.lib.washington.edu/researchworks/bitstream/handle/1773/15938/521.pdf?sequence=1.
Bicudo, C. y Bicudo, R. (1970). Algas de águas continentais brasileiras. Sao Paulo, Brasil: FUNBEC.
Burkholder, P., y Sieburth, J. (1961). Phytoplankton and ciilorophyll in the Gerlache and Bransfield Straits of Antarctica 1. Limnology and Oceanography, 6(1), 45-52. Doi: 10.4319/lo.1961.6.1.0045.
Colín-García, M., Heredia, A., Dos Santos-Rodriguez, C., Figueira, E., Almeida, S., Basiuk, V., Rodriguez-Galván, A. y Vrieling, E. (2013). Sílice de las algas diatomeas (clase Bacillariophyceae) como material complejo y su importancia nanotecnológica. La Granja, 17(1), 5-15. Doi: 10.17163/lgr.n17.2013.01
Comiso, J., McClain, C., Sullivan, C., Ryan, J. y Leonard, C. 1993. Coastal Zone Color Scanner pigment concentrations in the Southern Ocean and relationships to geophysical surface features. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 98(C2), 2419-2451. Doi: 10.1029/92JC02505
De La Lanza, E. (2004). Manual para la colecta, El manejo y las observaciones de campo para bioindicadores de la calidad del agua. México D.F, Mexico: Comisión Nacional del Agua.
Edler, L. & Elbrächter, M. The Utermöhl method for quantitative phytoplankton analysis. En: Karlson, B., Cusack, C. and Bresnan, E. (eds). (2010). Microscopic and molecular methods for quantitative phytoplankton analysis. Paris, France: UNESCO.
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Kozlowski, W., Deutschman, D., Garibotti, I., Trees, C. y Vernet, M. (2011). An evaluation of the application of CHEMTAX to Antarctic coastal pigment data. Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, 58(4), 350-364. Doi:10.1016/j.dsr.2011.01.008
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Schloss, Irene R. (1997). Escalas temporo-espaciales de variabilidad del fitoplancton costero Antártico. (Tesis doctoral). Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos aires, Argentina.
Schofield, O., Saba, E., Coleman, K., Carvalho, F., Couto, N., Ducklow, H. y Montes-Hugo, M. (2017). Decadal variability in coastal phytoplankton community composition in a changing West Antarctic Peninsula. Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, 124, 42-54. Doi: 10.1016/j.dsr.2017.04.014.
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Smith, R., Dierssen, H. y Vemet, M. (1996). Phytoplankton biomasa and productivity in the western Antarctic Peninsula region. En: Schloss, Irene R. Escalas temporo-espaciales de variabilidad del fitoplancton costero Antártico. (Tesis doctoral). Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos aires, Argentina.
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Vaughan, D., Marshall, E., Connolley, W., Parkinson, C., Mulvaney, R., Hodeson, D., Kine, J., Pudsey, C. y Turner, J. (2003). Recent rapid regional climate warming on the Antarctic Peninsula. Climatic Change, 60(3), 243–274. Recuperado en https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1026021217991.
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Edler, L. & Elbrächter, M. The Utermöhl method for quantitative phytoplankton analysis. En: Karlson, B., Cusack, C. and Bresnan, E. (eds). (2010). Microscopic and molecular methods for quantitative phytoplankton analysis. Paris, France: UNESCO.
Ferreira, M. y Kerr, R. (2017). Source water distribution and quantification of North Atlantic deep water and Antarctic bottom water in the Atlantic Ocean. Progress in Oceanography, 153, 66-83.
Ferreyra, E., Sar, E. & Ferrario, M. (1993). Respuesta de Corethron criophilum (Bacillariophyceae) a diferentes condiciones de iluminación. Darwiniana, 32(1-4), 293-298.
García, M., Castro, C., Ríos, A., Doval, M., Rosón, E., Gomis, D y López, O. (2002). Water masses and distribution of physico-chemical properties in the Western Bransfield Strait and Gerlache Strait during Austral summer 1995/96. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 49(4-5), 585-602.
Guiry, M., & Guiry, E. (2019). Algaebase. (National University of Ireland) Retrieved. Recuperado de http://www.Algaebase.org.
Holm-Hansen, O. y Mitchell, B. (1991). Spatial and temporal distribution of phytoplankton and primary production in the western Bransfield Strait region. Deep Sea Research Part A. Oceanographic Research Papers, 38(8–9), 961-980.
Huntley, M., Karl, D., Niiler P. y Holm-Hansen, O. (1991). Research on Antarctic Coastal Ecosystem Rates (RACER): an interdisciplinary field Experiment. Deep Sea Research Part A. Oceanographic Research Papers, 38(8-9), 911-941.
Kim, H., Ducklow, H., Abele, D., Ruiz, E., Buma, A., Meredith, M., Rozema, P., Schofield, O., Venables, H. and Schloss, I. (2018). Inter-decadal variability of phytoplankton biomass along the coastal West Antarctic Peninsula. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 376(2122), 20170174.
Kozlowski, W., Deutschman, D., Garibotti, I., Trees, C. y Vernet, M. (2011). An evaluation of the application of CHEMTAX to Antarctic coastal pigment data. Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, 58(4), 350-364.
Lee, Y., Yang, E., Park, J., Jung, J., Kim, T. y Lee, S. (2016). Physical-biological coupling in the Amundsen Sea, Antarctica: Influence of physical factors on phytoplankton community structure and biomass. Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, 117, 51–60.
Margalef, R. (1983). Limnología Vol. 1009. Barcelona: Omega.
Mendes, C., de Souza, M., Tavano, V., Costa, M., Brotas, B. y Eiras, C. (2012). Dynamics of phytoplankton communities during late summer around the tipof the Antarctic Peninsula. Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, 65, 1-14
Mendes, C., Tavano, V., Dotto, T., Kerr, R., De Souza, M., García, C., & Secchi, E. (2018). New insights on the dominance of cryptophytes in Antarctic coastal waters: A case study in Gerlache Strait. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 19, 1614-170.
Mills, M., Kropuenske, L., van Dijken, G., Alderkamp, A., Berg, G., Robinson, D., Welschmeyer, N. y Arrigo, K. (2010). Photophysiology in two Southern Ocean taxa: photosynthesis of Phaeocystis antarctica (Prymnesiophyceae) and Fragilariopsis cylindrus (Bacillariophyceae) under simulated mixed-layer irradiance. Journal of Phycology, 46(6), 1114–1127.
Nelson, D., Smith, W., Gordon, L. y Huber, B. (1987). Spring distributions of density, nutrients, and phytoplankton biomass in the ice edge zone of the Weddell‐Scotia Sea. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 92(C7), 7181-7190.
Olguín, H. & Alder, V. (2011). Species composition and biogeography of diatoms in Antarctic and sub Antarctic (Argentine shelf) waters (37–76°S). Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 58(1–2), 139-152. .
Pérez, J. y Mancilla, C. (2012). El papel del silicio en los organismos y ecosistemas. Conciencia tecnológica, 43, 42-46. Recuperado en
Rabenhorst, L. (1889). Kryptogamen-flora von Deutschland, Oesterreich und der Schweiz. Vol. 3. Germany: E. Kummer.
Rines, J y Therlot, T. (2003). Systematics of Chaetocerotaceae (Bacillariophyceae). I. A phylogenetic analysis of the family. Phycological Research, 51, 83–98.
Rodríguez, J., Jiménez-Gómez, F., Blanco, J., y Figueroa, F. (2002). Physical gradients and spatial variability of the size structure and composition of phytoplankton in the Gerlache Strait (Antarctica). Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography 49(4–5), 693-706.
Sánchez, S., & Villanueva, P. (2001). Composición del Fitoplancton en el Estrecho de Bransfield e Isla Elefante durante el verano austral de 1999. Revista Peruana de Biología, 8(1), 23-37. Doi: 10.15381/rpb.v8i1.6480.
Sánchez, S., Villanueva, P., y Delgado, E. (2016). Distribución Espacial del fitoplancton en el Estrecho de Bransfield durante el verano austral 2013. Boletín IMARPE, 31(2): 169-182.
Santamaría-del-Ángel, E., González-Silvera, A., Millán-Núñez, R., Callejas-Jiménez, M. y Cajal-Medrano, R. (2011). Determining Dynamic Biogeographic Regions using Remote Sensing Data. In J. Morales, V. Stuart, T. Platt, y S. Sathyendranath (Eds.), Handbook of Satellite Remote Sensing Image Interpretation: Applications for Marine Living Resources Conservation and Management (pp. 273–293). EU PRESPO Y IOCCG
Schloss, Irene R. (1997). Escalas temporo-espaciales de variabilidad del fitoplancton costero Antártico. (Tesis doctoral). Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos aires, Argentina.
Schofield, O., Saba, E., Coleman, K., Carvalho, F., Couto, N., Ducklow, H. y Montes-Hugo, M. (2017). Decadal variability in coastal phytoplankton community composition in a changing West Antarctic Peninsula. Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, 124, 42-54.
Shields, A. & Smith, W. (2009). Size-fractionated photosynthesis/irradiance relationships during Phaeocystis antarctica-dominated blooms in the Ross Sea, Antarctica. Journal of plankton research, 31(7), 701-712.
Smith, J., Barrett, J., Tusnády, G., Rejtö, L., y Cary, S. (2010). Resolving environmental drivers of microbial community structure in Antarctic soils. Antarctic Science, 22(6), 673-680.
Smith, R., Dierssen, H. y Vemet, M. (1996). Phytoplankton biomasa and productivity in the western Antarctic Peninsula region. En: Schloss, Irene R. Escalas temporo-espaciales de variabilidad del fitoplancton costero Antártico. (Tesis doctoral). Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos aires, Argentina.
Strickland, J. D. H., y T. R. Parsons. (1972). A practical handbook of seawater analysis. Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario.
Tapia, M. y Torres, G. (1998). Distribución del fitoplancton en el Estrecho Bransfield, Bahía Chile y Paso Drake, durante el verano austral 1998 (Antártida). Acta Antarctica Ecuatoriana, 4(1), 101-114.
Taylor, F. (1976). Dinoflagellates from the international Indian Ocean Expedition.
Tenenbaum, D., Villac, M., Viana, S., Matos, M., Hatherly, M., Lima, I. y Menezes, M. (2004). Phytoplankton Atlas of Sepetiba Bay, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Global Ballast Water Management Programme.
Unrein, F. (2000). Estructura y dinámica del fitoplancton estival de un lago antártico (Península Potter, Shetland del Sur). Ecología Austral, 10(169), 169-179. Recuperado en
Várela, M., Fernández, E. y Serret, P. (2002). Size-fractionated phytoplankton biomass and primary production in the Gerlache and south Bransfield Straits (Antarctic Peninsula) in Austral summer 1995–1996. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical studies in Oceanography, 49(4-5), 749-768. Doi: 10.1016/S0967-0645(01)00122-9
Vaughan, D., Marshall, E., Connolley, W., Parkinson, C., Mulvaney, R., Hodeson, D., Kine, J., Pudsey, C. y Turner, J. (2003). Recent rapid regional climate warming on the Antarctic Peninsula. Climatic Change, 60(3),.
Vidal, L. (2010). Manual del fitoplancton hallado en la Ciénaga Grande de Santa Marta y cuerpos de agua aledaños. Universidad Jorge Tadeo Lozano, Santa Marta, Colombia.
Xu, K., Fu, F., y Hutchins, D. (2014). Comparative responses of two dominant Antarctic phytoplankton taxa to interactions between ocean acidification, warming, irradiance, and iron availability. Limnology and Oceanography, 59(6), 1919-1931.
Zhou, M., Niiler, P., y Hu, J. (2002). Surface currents in the Bransfield and Gerlache straits, Antarctica. Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, 49(2), 267-280.
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STRUCTURE AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE PHYTOPLANKTONIC COMMUNITY ALONG THE GERLACHE STRAIT DURING THE AUSTRAL SUMMER 2018-2019. (2020). CIOH Scientific Bulletin, 39(1). https://doi.org/10.26640/22159045.2020.501
